Pukeonake is a small outlying scoria cone located near the bottom of the Mangatepopo Valley. The valley owes its present outline to the action of a glacier of the last ice age, whick was at its peak about 18,000 years ago. In this landscape Ngaruhoe is much younger: approximately 2500 years old. The valley is now progressively being filled by the growth of Ngaruhoe's cone (scoria and debris slopes here on the left), and by a series of lava flows of various ages (on the valley floor, brown and black). The volcanic ringplain stretches beyond Pukeonake.